An overview of salmon enhancement and the need to manage and monitor natural spawning in Hokkaido, Japan |
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Authors: | Mitsuhiro Nagata Yasuyuki Miyakoshi Hirokazu Urabe Makoto Fujiwara Yoshitaka Sasaki Kiyoshi Kasugai Mitsuru Torao Daisei Ando and Masahide Kaeriyama |
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Institution: | (1) Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Eniwa Hokkaido, 061-1433, Japan;(2) Faculty of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, Hakodate Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan |
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Abstract: | The chum and pink salmon catches in Hokkaido, Japan have increased dramatically since the 1970s and the 1990s, respectively.
In contrast, masu salmon catches have been steadily decreasing. Despite intensive hatchery development in Hokkaido, naturally
spawning salmon populations persist based on results from a recent river survey. This paper focuses on the challenges of maintaining
hatchery salmon populations while protecting natural chum, pink and masu salmon populations in Hokkaido. Two important initiatives
related to meeting this ambitious goal are managing hatcheries in a way that minimizes negative interactions between natural
and hatchery salmon populations, and initiating new efforts at restoring and rehabilitating degraded freshwater habitats.
In addition, in order to maintain a balance of demand and supply in the domestic market through the exportation of extra salmon,
Hokkaido has decided to enter full assessment to gain Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification of the Hokkaido chum
salmon trap net fishery. This would involve a fundamental shift in fisheries management as practiced in Japan, specifically
elevating the importance of managing the fishery in a way that conserves natural salmon populations. A key component of a
new salmon management strategy is the establishment of a zone management framework based on the designation of stream units
to spatially separate natural salmon from hatchery salmon to minimize negative effects of hatchery fish and to utilize effectively
hatchery salmon for commercial fisheries. This effort is allied with similar initiatives in other Pacific Rim countries that
are focusing on management reform to restore natural ecosystem function and maintain the coexistence of wild and hatchery
salmon. |
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