Oxygen-binding Heme Complexes of Peptides Designed to Mimic the Heme Environment of Myoglobin and Hemoglobin

Development of effective resuscitation agents for blood-loss replacement in trauma or surgery is extremely important despite substantial improvements in screening methods of blood from human donors. This paper reports the design and synthesis of peptides that mimic the natural environment of the heme group in myoglobin (Mb) and in the - and -subunits of human adult hemoglobin (Hb). The designs were based on the fact that the heme group in the aforementioned proteins is sandwiched between helices E and F. Fifteen test peptides and six control peptides were synthesized, and their ability to form stable complexes with heme was investigated. It was found that none of the control peptides or proteins was able to bind heme. However, each of the peptides that were designed to mimic the E--F helices, and even shorter designs, which removed from this region residues that do not contribute to contacts with the heme group, were each able to bind one mole of heme per mole of peptide forming peptide–heme complexes that were stable to manipulation and behaved as single molecular species. Oxygen binding measurements on the reduced peptide–heme complexes showed that these compounds bind oxygen and give visible spectra that were typical of oxygenated heme-proteins. In oxygen binding measurements done under different partial pressures of oxygen, the heme–peptide complexes gave hyperbolic oxygen-saturation curves, but showed slight differences in their P₅₀ values. The P₅₀ values ranged from 3.8 mmHg for the heme–peptide B7 complex to 13.7 mmHg for the heme–peptide D13 complex (under the same conditions, P₅₀ values for Hb and Mb were 34.0 and 5.5 mmHg, respectively). It is concluded that peptide constructs designed to mimic the heme-binding regions of Mb or the Hb subunits were able to form coordinate 1:1 complexes with heme, and these complexes bind oxygen in a manner expected for single subunit heme proteins.