Ancient voyaging and Polynesian origins |
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| Authors: | Soares Pedro Rito Teresa Trejaut Jean Mormina Maru Hill Catherine Tinkler-Hundal Emma Braid Michelle Clarke Douglas J Loo Jun-Hun Thomson Noel Denham Tim Donohue Mark Macaulay Vincent Lin Marie Oppenheimer Stephen Richards Martin B |
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| Institution: | 1Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;2The Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;3Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK;4Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;5Molecular Anthropology and Transfusion Medicine Research Laboratory, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tanshui, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;6Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK;7Department of Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;8School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia;9Department of Linguistics, Research School for Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;10Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;11School of Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6QS, UK |
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| Abstract: | The "Polynesian motif" defines a lineage of human mtDNA that is restricted to Austronesian-speaking populations and is almost fixed in Polynesians. It is widely thought to support a rapid dispersal of maternal lineages from Taiwan ~4000 years ago (4 ka), but the chronological resolution of existing control-region data is poor, and an East Indonesian origin has also been proposed. By analyzing 157 complete mtDNA genomes, we show that the motif itself most likely originated >6 ka in the vicinity of the Bismarck Archipelago, and its immediate ancestor is >8 ka old and virtually restricted to Near Oceania. This indicates that Polynesian maternal lineages from Island Southeast Asia gained a foothold in Near Oceania much earlier than dispersal from either Taiwan or Indonesia 3-4 ka would predict. However, we find evidence in minor lineages for more recent two-way maternal gene flow between Island Southeast Asia and Near Oceania, likely reflecting movements along a "voyaging corridor" between them, as previously proposed on archaeological grounds. Small-scale mid-Holocene movements from Island Southeast Asia likely transmitted Austronesian languages to the long-established Southeast Asian colonies in the Bismarcks carrying the Polynesian motif, perhaps also providing the impetus for the expansion into Polynesia. |
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