生态系统服务权衡研究进展

生态系统服务作为连接自然与社会生态系统的桥梁，是社会-生态系统管理和分析的重要工具。生态系统服务权衡研究关注生态系统服务间关系的认知和调节，对于协调多元目标、最大化人类福祉、支撑社会-生态系统可持续利用具有重要的作用。整理了生态系统服务权衡的内涵和分类，将生态系统权衡研究分为客观权衡规律和管理权衡决策两大类，并对两类生态系统服务权衡的研究内容、思路和方法的国内外进展进行了系统梳理。在客观权衡规律方面，主要包括生态系统服务供与需间权衡规律、生态系统服务供或需间权衡规律两部分，其中，供与需间权衡规律包含供需匹配的维度和供需匹配的研究方法两部分，供或需间权衡规律包含关系识别和驱动力分析两部分；在管理权衡决策方面，主要包括生态系统服务管理权衡决策的准则确定和求解思路两部分。最后，对生态系统服务权衡研究进行了国内外进展的总体评价和研究展望。目前，客观权衡规律研究较为成熟，继生态系统服务供给侧权衡研究的热点之后、需求侧的权衡研究也逐渐增多，但整体上仍存在研究的应用指向不明、研究结果稳健性不足的问题；管理权衡决策研究易忽视决策准则的设置问题，使得决策结果的可行性存疑。因此，应当提出生态系统服务权衡研究范式，整合客观权衡规律和管理权衡决策，提升客观权衡规律研究的应用指向。在客观规律探索方面，深化对权衡规律驱动机制的研究，开展多时空尺度耦合研究，明确权衡规律的稳健性。在权衡决策管理方面，重视决策标准的设置，加强多方参与决策，深入探讨生态系统服务和人类福祉的联系，使权衡准则更加贴近区域管理的真正需求，提升决策结果的可行性。在实证研究方面，权衡决策研究对我国自然保护地的关注不足，未来应在继续推进城镇地区研究的基础上，尝试填补保护地的研究空缺，服务于我国保护地紧迫的权衡管理需求。

Research progress and perspective on ecosystem services trade-offs

Ecosystem services, as a bridge connecting natural and social ecosystems, are important tools for social-ecological system management and analysis. Ecosystem services tradeoff researches focus on the cognition and regulation of the relationship between ecosystem services, which plays an important role in coordinating multiple goals, maximizing human well-being, and supporting the sustainable use of social-ecological system. This paper summarizes the connotation and classification of ecosystem service tradeoff, divides ecosystem service tradeoff research into two categories:objective tradeoff law and management tradeoff decision, and systematically reviews the domestic and international progress of the research content, ideas and methods of ecosystem service tradeoff. In terms of objective tradeoff law, it mainly includes tradeoff relationship between ecosystem service supply and demand, and tradeoff relationship between ecosystem service supply or demand. Tradeoff relationship between ecosystem service supply and demand includes matching dimensions and matching research methods. Tradeoff relationship between ecosystem service supply or demand includes relationship recognition and driving force analysis. In the aspect of management tradeoff decision, it mainly includes the criterion determination and the problem-solving ideas. In the end, the overall evaluation and research prospect of the progress at home and abroad were made. At present, the research on objective tradeoff law is relatively mature, and following the supply side, the tradeoff research on the demand side of ecosystem service also gradually increased, but there remains some problems such as unclear application direction and insufficient robustness of research results. In the researches of management tradeoff decision, it is easy to ignore the setting of decision criterion, which makes the feasibility of the result doubtful. We suggested that the research paradigm of ecosystem service tradeoff needed to integrate the objective tradeoff law and management tradeoff decision, to make the objective tradeoff law researches more application oriented. In terms of the exploration of objective laws, we should deepen the research on the driving mechanism that forms the law of tradeoffs, carry out the research on the coupling of multiple space-time scales, and clarify the robustness of the law of tradeoffs. In the aspect of tradeoff decision management, it should attach importance to the setting of decision-making criteria, strengthen the participation of multiple parties in decision-making, and deeply explore the relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being, so as to make the tradeoff criteria more close to the real needs of regional management and improve the feasibility of decision-making results. In the aspect of empirical research, the research of trade-offs decision paid insufficient attention to Chinese protected areas. In the future, we should try to fill the research gap of the protected areas while continuing to promote the study of urban areas, to serve the urgent tradeoff management needs of the protected areas in China.