中国生态保护政策发展历程及其演进特征

生态环境是人类社会生存和发展的基础，建设生态文明是中华民族永续发展的千年大计。伴随着环境保护事业和生态文明制度体系的发展完善，生态保护政策制度体系发生着显著变化。通过对党和国家的重大决定、重要会议及政策法规文件的广泛调研和梳理，重点从基本国策确立、生态保护观念转变和政策制度变迁等3个方面，分析了我国生态保护政策发展历程及其演进特征。节约资源和保护环境基本国策的确立，是生态保护政策制度体系之根基。从生态保护思想启蒙阶段将生态保护纳入经济社会发展计划，到可持续发展阶段将生态保护作为文明发展道路的内在要求，再到生态文明阶段将人与自然视为生命共同体，这些生态保护观念的转变是生态保护最根本的政策，对于形成生态友好的社会经济发展政策和开发利用自然行为具有决定性作用。纲领性政策、生态空间管控政策、生态补偿政策、责任追究政策等生态保护政策制度的制订实施，是在客观判断我国当时基本国情基础上对生态保护观念的实践，对于推动生态保护事业发展、保障国家生态安全和社会经济高质量发展起到了关键作用。

Development process and characteristics of China's ecological protection policy

Eco-environment is the foundation of the survival and development of human society, and construction of ecological civilization is a millennium plan for the sustainable development of China. With the development of environmental protection and ecological civilization system, ecological protection policy and system have changed significantly. This paper analyzes the development process and evolution characteristics of China''s ecological protection policy from three aspects: basic national policy, change of ecological protection concept, development of policy and system, through extensive collecting and investigating the major decisions, important conferences, policies and regulations that published by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and national ministries. Saving resources and protecting environment are the basic national policy, which is the foundation of ecological protection policy. Firstly, in the initial stage, ecological protection was taken as the component of development plan of economy and society. Secondly, in the sustainable development stage, ecological protection was taken as the inherent requirement of the civilized development. Thirdly, in the ecological civilization stage, human and nature was taken as a community of life. All these changes in the concept of ecological protection are the most fundamental and the most fundamental policy of ecological protection, and play a decisive role in the formation of eco-friendly economic development policies and the transformation and utilization of natural behaviors. The four categories of policy and system of ecological protection mainly includes macro comprehensive, spatial protection, environmental economy and accountability. They are the practice of ecological protection concept that is based on the objective judgment of China''s basic national conditions at that time, and play a key role in promoting the development of ecological protection, ensuring the national ecological security and high-quality development of social economy.