新疆白杨河流域特征及生态植被需水分析

新疆白杨河流域地跨上游乌鲁木齐市达坂城及下游吐鲁番市托克逊县两个行政区，上游达坂城区位于天山博格达峰山前冲击、洪积山间盆地干旱区，源于天山多支源流汇集于盆地南端峡口，基于峡口形成下游并由有多支流沿程补给白杨河干流，穿越极端干旱戈壁荒漠区的托克逊县直至末端吐鲁番市境内尾闾-艾丁湖，是我国典型少有的跨越干旱与极端干旱叠加型流域灌区，水资源有效利用及水生态环境保护具有重要作用。遵循流域各河流水系形成的自然生态环境属性及河道取水工程节点，采用Penman-Monteith法生态需水定额和卫星遥感面积识别及水文年内展布方法，分析评估流域内上下游绿洲生态环境植被需水量和河流生态基流及其调控断面。结果表明，上游达坂城区黑沟河年生态需水量、生态基流、年均径流占比和控制断面，分别为921万m³、0.29m³/s、18%和黑沟渠首；阿克苏河为1048万m³、0.33m³/s、12%和阿克苏渠首；高崖子河为862万m³、0.27m³/s、12%和高崖子渠首；下游托克逊境内由白杨河干流调节，艾丁湖等生态需水量分别为4256万m³、1.35m³/s、32%和小草湖渠首。白杨河流域年生态需水7880万m³，生态基流2.50m³/s，生态水占年均径流量17%，分析结果为流域生态环境管理保护提供依据。

Analysis on characteristics of Baiyang River Basin and water requirement of ecological vegetation in Xinjiang

The Baiyang River Basin extends across two administrative districts including Dabancheng in the upper reaches of Urumqi city and Tuokesun County of Turpan City in the lower reaches, Xinjiang. The upper Dabancheng district is located in the dry area of alluvial and proluvial intermontane basin in front of Bogda peak of Tianshan Mountain. Many branches of source streams converge at the mouth of the southern end of the basin, and form the downstream from the gorge. Many tributaries supply the main stream of Baiyang River along the way. Baiyang River passes through Tuokesun County in the extremely arid Gobi desert and ends at Turpan City-Ayding Lake, one of the few typical irrigation areas in China which spans the superposition of drought and extreme drought. The effective utilization of water resources and protection of water ecological environment play an important role. According to the naturally ecological environment attributes formed by the river water system and the river water intake project nodes, Penman-Monteith ecological water demand quota, satellite remote sensing area identification, and hydrological year distribution method were used to analyze and evaluate water demand of the ecological environment vegetation, river ecological base flow and its regulation sections in the upper and lower reaches of the basin. The results show that the annual ecological water demand, ecological base flow, annual runoff proportion, and control section of Heigou River in Dabancheng district are 921 thousand m³, 0.29 m³/s, 18%, and Heigoutou section respectively; those of Aksu River are 1048 ten thousand m³, 0.33 m³/s, 12%, and Aksu canal head; those of Gaoyazi River are 862 ten thousand m³, 0.27 m³/s, 12%, and Gaoyazi channel head; and those of Ayding Lake are 4256 ten thousand m³, 1.35 m³/s, 32%, and the head of Xiaocaohu, where the downstream Tuokesun is regulated by the main stream of Baiyang River. The annual ecological water demand of Baiyang River Basin is 7880 ten thousand m³, the ecological base flow is 2.50 m³/s, and the ecological water accounts for 17% of the annual runoff. The results provide the basis for the management and protection of ecological environment in the basin.