喀斯特峰丛洼地不同土地利用方式土壤肥力特征

基于网格法(5 m×5 m)采样,研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地不同土地利用方式(火烧、刈割、刈割除根、封育、种植玉米、种植牧草)下表层(0～20 cm)土壤肥力特征,利用主成分分析影响土壤肥力的主要因子,典范相关分析探讨土壤养分和土壤微生物的耦合关系.结果表明: 研究区6种土地利用方式土壤呈微碱性,pH 7.83～7.98,不同土地利用方式土壤养分含量不同,分别为有机碳76.78～116.05 g·kg^-1、全氮4.29～6.23 g·kg^-1、全磷1.15～1.47 g·kg^-1、全钾3.59～6.05 g·kg^-1、碱解氮331.49～505.49 mg·kg^-1、有效磷3.92～10.91 mg·kg^-1、有效钾136.28～198.10 mg·kg^-1,除pH呈弱变异外,其他指标均呈中等至强度变异.不同土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响不同,有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮等主要养分受影响最大,沿封育、火烧、刈割、刈割除根、种植牧草、种植玉米的人为干扰增加梯度而减少;其次是土壤微生物,尤其是放线菌;典范相关分析表明,火烧迹地的全磷与土壤微生物生物量磷,全钾与土壤微生物生物量碳,全氮与放线菌的相互影响最大,刈割、刈割除根、封育、种植玉米、种植牧草土壤全氮与土壤微生物生物量碳,速效磷与土壤微生物生物量氮,pH与土壤微生物生物量碳、真菌,全氮、全钾与土壤微生物生物量磷,pH与真菌、放线菌相互之间的影响最大.土地利用方式的变化改变了喀斯特峰丛坡地土壤肥力特征.在喀斯特地区进行生态恢复与重建时,应采取合理的土地利用方式,提高喀斯特退化生态系统的土壤质量.

Soil fertility characteristics under different land use patterns in depressions between karst hills.

Soil samples were collected from the depressions between karst hills by grid sampling method (5 m × 5 m), soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) in surface layer (0-20 cm) under different land use patterns (burning, cutting, cutting plus root removal, enclosure, maize plantation, and pasture plantation) were measured, the main factors of influencing the soil fertility was identified by principal component analysis (PCA), and the relationships between soil nutrients and microorganisms were demonstrated by canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The results showed that the soil was slightly alkaline (pH 7.83-7.98), and the soil fertility differed under the different land use patterns, with 76.78-116.05 g·kg^-1 of SOC, 4.29-6.23 g·kg^-1 of TN, 1.15-1.47 g·kg^-1 of TP, 3.59-6.05 g·kg^-1 of TK, 331.49-505.49 mg·kg^-1 of AN), 3.92-10.91 mg·kg^-1 of AP, and 136.28-198.10 mg·kg^-1 of AK. These soil indexes except pH showed moderate or strong variation. Different land use patterns had various impacts on soil fertility: Soil nutrients such as SOC, TN, TP, and AN were most significantly influenced by land use patterns in the depressions between karst hills; Followed by soil microorganisms, especially soil actinomycetes, and the effect decreased with the increasing gradient of human disturbance from enclosure, burning, cutting, cutting plus root removal, pasture plantation, and maize plantation. CCA elucidated that considerable interactions existed in soil TP with MBP (microbial biomass phosphorus), TK with MBC (microbial biomass carbon), TN with actinomycetes in the burned area, while TN and MBC in the cutting treatment, AP and MBN (microbial biomass nitrogen) in the treatment of cutting plus root removal, pH with MBC and fungus in the enclosure treatment, TN and TK with MBP in the maize plantation, pH with fungi and actinomycetes in the pasture plantation. Land use patterns changed the soil fertility in the depressions between karst hills; therefore, in the ecological restoration and reconstruction of karst region with fragmented landforms and shallow soil, rational land use patterns should be adopted to improve the soil quality of degraded ecosystems.