Chemotactic selection of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL induced with histamine, di-iodotyrosine or insulin

Ethoxyquin (6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EQ) is a synthetic antioxidant used for preventing rancidity in animal foodstuffs. Three groups of ten fish were given a diet containing respectively 75 (control group with the commercial food), 200 and 400 ppm EQ for 16 days. The control group had a plasma osmolality and chloride concentration within the normal range of marine teleosts, but sodium concentrations of only about 110 mM, indicating the presence in the plasma of substantial amounts of another cation. Fish given food with 400 ppm EQ displayed a 70 mM increase in the plasma concentration of sodium. This indicates that EQ has disturbed the iono-regulatory mechanisms, probably by reducing the ATP production or inhibiting directly the Na/K-ATPase in the gills. The large increase in plasma sodium concentration was not accompanied by any significant increase in plasma osmolality, indicating that at least a part of the sodium added to the plasma is made osmotically inactive. In spite of the elevated plasma sodium concentration, the sodium content of erythrocytes of the 400-ppm EQ fish was reduced to half, while the content of calcium was unaffected. The transmembrane energy gradient of sodium in the EQ exposed turbot obviously increased, allowing them to use a sodium coupled antiport system to keep the cellular calcium content low when the Ca-ATPases is blocked. A mechanism of this kind is also likely to be important to turbot that experience hypoxia under natural conditions. The 400-ppm group also displayed a substantial increase in liver weight, but the physiological significance of this effect is not clear. The leucocyte counts indicated the absence of obvious immunological effects.