Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies on Changes in Cerebral Calcium and Zinc and the Energy State Caused by Excitotoxic Amino Acids

Under control conditions, superfused hippocampal slices exhibited a significantly higher phosphocreatine (PCr)/ATP ratio than cortical slices; the evidence suggests that this is due to lower concentrations of ATP, rather than higher concentrations of PCr. Glutamate caused relatively rapid decreases in PCr and ATP levels to approximately 45%, accompanied or immediately followed by an increased free intracellular calcium concentration (Ca2+]i) and the release of Zn2+ in the cortex. In the hippocampus PCr and ATP decreased further to approximately 20% of control values, but the changes in Ca2+]i and Zn2+ content were slower. This is in contrast to the effects of depolarisation, which produced the same rapid changes in the energy state and Ca2+]i, with no detectable Zn2+, in both tissues. NMDA causes effects similar to those of glutamate in the cortex (decreases in the energy state, increased Ca2+]i, and release of Zn2+). Pretreatment of the cortex for 1 h with the NMDA blocker MK-801 prevented all of the observed effects of NMDA. In contrast, pretreatment with MK-801 had no detectable effect on the increase in Ca2+]i or the decreases in PCr and ATP caused by glutamate, although it prevented the release of zinc. The results are discussed in relation to the function of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor in excitotoxicity.