Recently discovered landlocked basins in Indonesia reveal high habitat diversity in anchialine systems |
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Authors: | Leontine E Becking Willem Renema Nadiezhda K Santodomingo Bert W Hoeksema Yosephine Tuti Nicole J de Voogd |
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Institution: | (1) Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;(2) Natural History Museum, London , SW7 5BD, England;(3) Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Research Centre for Oceanography, P.O. Box 4801/JKTF, Jakarta, 11048, Indonesia |
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Abstract: | In this article, the variability of physical settings of anchialine systems in Indonesia is discussed together with the consequences
these settings have for the environment and biota within the systems. Exploration in two karstic areas (Berau, East Kalimantan
and Raja Ampat, West Papua) has resulted in the discovery of 20 previously unknown anchialine systems in Indonesia. Based
on parameters such as bathymetry, size, coastline, salinity, water temperature, pH, degree of connection to the sea, and the
presence-absence of selected key taxa we distinguish three types of (non-cave) anchialine systems in the Indo-Pacific: (1)
Marine lakes with large and deep basins containing brackish to almost fully marine waters. Marine lakes show a range in the
degree of connection to the sea with the result that the higher the connection the more the lake resembles a lagoon in both
water chemistry and biota, while the more isolated lakes have brackish water and contain unique species that are rarely found
in the adjacent sea. (2) Anchialine pools with small and shallow basins containing brackish water and low diversity of macrofauna.
(3) Blue pools in chasms that contain water with a clear halocline and are possibly connected to anchialine caves. Study of
the many unique features of anchialine systems will enhance our understanding of the physical and ecological processes responsible
for diversification in tropical shallow marine environments. |
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