Molecular genetic mechanisms used by legumes to control early stages of mutually beneficial (mutualistic) symbiosis |
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Authors: | V A Zhukov O Y Shtark A Y Borisov I A Tikhonovich |
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Institution: | (1) Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biotechnology, All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Podbelsky chausee 3, Pushkin 8, St. Petersburg, 196608, Russia;(2) Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dept of Biotechnology, All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Podbelsky chausee 3, Pushkin 8, St. Petersburg, 196608, Russia;(3) All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Podbelsky chausee 3, Pushkin 8, St. Petersburg, 196608, Russia |
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Abstract: | Recent data on the plant control of early stages of mutually beneficial (mutualistic) symbioses of legumes, the mechanisms
of perception and transmission of the microsymbiont’s molecular signals in the macrosymbiont’s cells, and induction of the
genetic programs of the development of symbiotic compartments and organs of the plant are summarized. It is demonstrated that
the genetic system of the plant controlling the development of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis of legumes (symbiotic root nodules),
which emerged 70–80 Ma ago, has undoubtedly evolved on the basis of the genetic system controlling the development of the
symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (which emerged 400–500 Ma ago). Interactions between genes and between gene products,
as well as exchange of molecular signals, form the basis of mutually beneficial (mutualistic) plant-bacterium interactions.
Even in the case of a highly specific nitrogen-fixing symbiosis of legumes (symbiotic nodules), the receptors perceiving the
signal from root-nodule bacteria may function in different ways. The development of arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrogen-fixing
symbiosis in legumes is a multistep process involving hundreds of genes of both the macro- and microsymbionts. For the symbioses
to develop successfully, these genes should act in a coordinated way in the newly formed superorganismal system. Further studies
are necessary to shed light onto the complexity of the plant genetic control of the development of mutualistic symbioses in
legumes and provide information required for improving their functions in adaptive plant-breeding systems. |
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