Lack of specificity for PCR assays targeting human Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene: cross-amplification with fish feces

Methods focused on members of the genus Bacteroides have been increasingly utilized in microbial source-tracking studies for identifying and quantifying sources of nonpoint fecal contamination. We present results using standard and real-time PCR to show cross-amplification of Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene molecular assays targeting human fecal pollution with fecal DNA from freshwater fish species. All except one of the presumptively human-specific assays amplified fecal DNA from at least one fish species, and one real-time PCR assay amplified DNA from all fish species tested. Sequencing of PCR amplicons generated from fish fecal DNA using primers from the real-time assay revealed no mismatches to the human-specific probe sequences, but the nucleotide sequences of clones from fish fecal samples differed markedly from those of human feces, suggesting that the fish-related bacteria may be different strains. Our results strongly demonstrate the potential for cross-amplification of human-specific PCR assays with fish feces, and may call into question the results of studies in which these Bacteroides- specific molecular markers are used to quantify human fecal contamination in waters where fish contribute to fecal inputs.