Techniques for genetic engineering in mycobacteria

The study of mycobacterial genetics has experienced quick technical developments in the past ten years, despite a relatively slow start, caused by difficulties in accessing these recalcitrant species. The study of mycobacterial pathogenesis is important in the development of new ways of treating tuberculosis and leprosy, now that the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has reduced the effectiveness of current therapies. The tuberculosis vaccine strain M. bovis BCG might be used as a vector for multivalent vaccination. Also, non-pathogenic mycobacterial strains have many possible biotechnological applications. After giving a historical overview of methods and techniques, we will discuss recent developments in the search for alternative host strains and DNA transfer systems. Special attention will be given to the development of vectors and techniques for stabilizing foreign DNA in mycobacteria.