吉林青山头遗址哺乳动物群及其地质时代

近年来在吉林省前郭县青山头第四纪地层中陆续发现了旧石器时代晚期的人类化石、新时器时代早期的人类遗骸和大量文化遗物及共生的动物群。本文着重讨论该遗址的两个不同哺乳动物群的性质及时代,这将对确定该区更新世与全新世地层界线、探索猛犸象-披毛犀动物群后期的演化提供了新的资料。

THE QUATERNARY MAMMALIAN FAUNAS FROM QINGSHANTOU SITE,JILIN PROVINCE

In 1981 and 1983,mammalian remains associated with Paleolithic human fossils,Early Neolithic human skulls and cultural remains were collected from the Qingshantousite,located at the northern bank of the Chaganpao Lake in the Qianguo County,JilinProvince(124°18′30″ E and 45°17′13″ N).In the region,there are many lakes and the largest one is the Chaganpao Lake,round which there are two terraces.The first terrace is consisted of new alluvions.Thesecond terrace,from which the mammalian remains came is about 33 m above the shore-line of the lake(i.e.the average line of high levels).The sediments of the terrace con-sist of black soil and calcareous fine silt and sand.Deposits of the terrace can be sub-divided into six layers(Fig.1).The second and third layers in the geological section are fossiliferous ones.Themammalian remains recovered from Layer 2 are different from those of Layer 3 in thedegree of fossilization and the percentage of the extant species.Based on these differences two mammalian faunas,i.e.the Qianguo fauna and Qing-shantou fauna,can be recognized.The Qianguo fauna discovered from the second layerincludes 10 species belonging to 8 families,9 genera,i.e.Ericetulus sp.Lepus tolai,Citel-lus daurcus,Cricetulus trion,Myospalax aspalax M.psilurus Canis lupus,Meles cf.meles leptorynchus,Equus przewalskyi,Sus scrofa.All of them have been slightly fossilizedand can be found in the Holocene deposits nearby.The Qianguo fauna has been datedin age between 9860 and 7870 years ago.So its geological age is Early Holocene.The Qingshantou fauna,which came from the third layer,contains 13 species be-longing to 10 families,12 genera.The Qingshantou fauna are listed as follows:Marmota bobac,Citellus dauricus,Microtus brandti,Myospalax armandi,M.psilu-rus,Allactaga sibrica,Nyctereutes procynides,Vulpes sp.,Equus przewalskyi,Coelodon-ta antiquitatis,Sus scrofa,Bison sp.,Cervus sp.Equus przewalskyi,Coelodonta antiquitatis,Bison are generally considered as im-portant elements of the Mammathus—Coelodonta fauna.So the Qingshantou fauna be-longs to the Mammathus—Coelodonta fauna too.The percentage of the extinct speciesin the Qingshantou fauna is less than those of the other Late Pleistocene faunas,suchas the Yushu fauna(40000 years B.P.)and the Yianjiagang fauna(2000 years B.P.).The C~(14) date of the Qingshantou fauna is about 10900 years B.P.,younger than thatof the Yushu fauna and the Yianjiagang fauna.The Qingshantou fauna differs from the typical Mammathus—Coelodonta fauna,suchas the Yianjiagang fauna in Heilongjiang Province and the Yushu fauna in Jilin Province.There existed a large numbers of dry-prairie rodents,such as Allactaga sibrica annula-tas,Marmata bobac etc.They account for 46% in the whole fauna.The ratio of prairieanimals to those of forest ones in the Qingshantou faunna is 69:23.While in the Yushufauna the ratio is 35:35.So during the Qingshantou fauna's time the climate was drierand colder than that in the other Late Pleistocene faunas'time.