湿地公园健康评价指标体系构建与应用——以广州海珠国家湿地公园二期为例

湿地公园健康状态是开展湿地保护、修复与指导其规划设计的重要依据。近年来城市区域内湿地公园建设迅速但湿地生境整体衰退严重,如珠三角乃至华南地区湿地公园面临高度外部干扰与环境限制,亟需有效手段评估区域内湿地公园健康状态以实现可持续发展。以"稳定性-功能性-可持续性"为框架,构建了包含3准则11因素40指标的湿地公园健康评价指标体系,采用层次分析法计算指标权重,并通过遥感影像处理、实地调研、统计年鉴查阅以及问卷调查等方式获取指标数据,对生态修复后的广州海珠国家湿地公园二期进行综合健康评价与分析,以期指导其保护修复与可持续发展,为城市区域内湿地公园健康评估与优化提供参考。结果表明:(1)稳定性是影响湿地公园健康状态的主要准则,权重排序为稳定性(0.5094)＞功能性(0.3046)＞可持续性(0.1860);(2)海珠湿地二期综合健康指数为3.7735,呈健康状态;(3)影响二期健康状态的主要因素是生态功能与水体特征,其中,权重排序前5的主要指标为水质类别、净化能力、水文调节、水陆面积比、水体富营养化程度;(4)结合评价结果,从水体修复、植物管护、园区管理等方面提出优化建议。

Construction and application of wetland park health evaluation index system:a case study on the phase Ⅱ of Guangzhou Haizhu National Wetland Park

The health status of wetland park is an important basis for the protection, restoration and guidance of its planning and design. In recent years, the wetland parks have been constructed rapidly but the overall decline was serious, for example, wetland parks in the Pearl River Delta and even South China were facing a high degree of external disturbance and environmental constraints. Additionally, due to the lack of methods to assess the health of wetland parks, it is usually difficult for the managers or designers to guide the construction and optimization of wetland parks scientifically and effectively. Therefore, an efficient method to assess the health status of wetland parks in the region is urgently needed for the sustainable development of wetland resources. In this study, a "Stability-Functionality-Sustainability" wetland park health assessment index system was constructed, including 3 criteria, 11 factors and 40 indicators. By using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the weight of each indicator, obtaining data from remote sensing data processing, field survey and sampling, statistical yearbook and questionnaire, etc., we conducted comprehensive health evaluation and analysis on the phase Ⅱ of Guangdong Guangzhou Haizhu National Wetland Park (GGHNWP Ⅱ) undergoing restoration currently with the aim of guiding its conservation, restoration and sustainable development, and providing references for the health assessment and optimization of the regional wetland parks, which would help us to better understand and coordinate the relationship between wetland parks and socio-economic development. The results showed that: (1) Among the criteria, stability (0.5094) was the main criterion affecting the health status of wetland park, followed by functionality (0.3046) and sustainability (0.1860); (2) The GGHNWP Ⅱ health status was at the healthy level with a comprehensive health score of 3.7735, and except for the water characteristics in the factor layer was at the subhealthy level with health score of 2.1067, the other 10 factors were at the healthy or relatively healthy level; (3) In the factor and indicator layers, the main factors affecting GGHNWP Ⅱ health status were ecological function and water characteristics, among which the top 5 indicators in weight ranking were water quality, purification capacity, hydrological regulation, water-land area ratio and water eutrophication; (4) Based on the evaluation results, optimization suggestions were proposed to improve GGHNWP Ⅱ health status and help the construction of high-quality national wetland park, including water restoration, plant zoning management and protection, park management, theme activity planning and other aspects.