Flower development and anatomy of Clusia valerioi,a Central American species of Clusiaceae offering floral resin |
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| Institution: | 1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Rua Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Manaus, AM, 69077-000, AM, Brazil;2. Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Rua Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Manaus, AM, 69077-000, Brazil;3. Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Av. Cap. Ene Garcez 2413, Boa Vista, RR, 69300-000, Brazil;1. Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Estrada do Bem Querer, Km04, s/N°, CEP 45.083-900, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil;2. Departamento de Biologia Celular – IB, Unicamp, Cx Postal 6109, Campinas, SP, Brazil;1. Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain;2. Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, CIBERobn, Spain;1. Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, I-15121 Alessandria, Italy;2. Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy;3. Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal;4. Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal;5. Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal;6. Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare SDN, Via Gianturco 113, Napoli 80143, Italy;7. CRB Bracco Imaging SpA, Via Ribes 5, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, TO, Italy;1. Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France;2. Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), UDSL, EA4481, F-59006 Lille, France |
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| Abstract: | The present paper is part of a study dealing with various aspects of reproduction of two Costa Rican Clusia species offering resin as a floral reward. It provides data on the floral development and flower (especially stamen and staminode) anatomy of one of the species, Clusia valerioi. In the early stages, both male and female flowers develop in the same manner. The bracts are distinguished by a decussate arrangement from the five sepals and five petals, which emerge in a spiral manner. In the male flowers the apical meristem forms five meristematic mounds (common stamen primordia) that are pentagonally arranged around the apical meristem in epipetalous position. From these mounds, the primordia of the proper stamina emerge in 3–5 whorls. Direction is centrifugal. In the centre, five hemispherical bulges arise which develop into carpel primordia. These, however, cease growth, stay rudimentary and are hidden by the stamens in the mature male flower. The adult stamens consist mainly of a thick angular filament column, while the two anthers situated at the flattened top are very small. One anther is annular and surrounds a second, hemispherical one right in the centre. At the periphery, these two pollen sacs (provided with a distinct wall of customary anatomy) are surrounded by a ring-like protuberance of the filament. The resin canals are situated at the periphery of the filament. Their schizogenous development is documented in cross sections. At anthesis, the resin is released from the ring-like filament protuberance by burst of the single-layered epidermis. In the female flower, the five meristematic mounds produce two whorls of staminode primordia. The development of the staminodes does not essentially differ from that of the fertile stamens, but some staminodes lack the central pollen sac and the other tissues do not develop into pollen grains. An attempt is made to derive the peculiar stamen morphology of Clusia valerioi and similar species from conventional stamens. Three hypotheses are proposed and discussed. |
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