Nectar dynamics and reproductive success in Saponaria officinalis (Caryophyllaceae) in southern Germany |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Universität Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;2. Universität Ulm, Abteilung Systematische Botanik und Ökologie, 89081 Ulm, Germany;3. Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 31905 Haifa, Israel;1. Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, I-15121 Alessandria, Italy;2. Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy;3. Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal;4. Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal;5. Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal;6. Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare SDN, Via Gianturco 113, Napoli 80143, Italy;7. CRB Bracco Imaging SpA, Via Ribes 5, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, TO, Italy;1. Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France;2. Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), UDSL, EA4481, F-59006 Lille, France;1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;2. Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Tzar Asen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;1. Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi''an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China;2. Department of Chemical Medicine, Xi’an Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi''an 710054, Shaanxi, PR China;3. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, Shandong 261061, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Nectar production and flower visitors of the night-flowering Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae) were studied in relation to the reproductive success. Nectar production was worthwhile for nocturnal flower visitors. Nectar standing crop was about 267 μg sugar per flower, and comparison of nectar offering of covered and freely exposed flowers revealed that main nectar secretion time is mainly during the night up to the morning hours. In both covered and freely exposed flowers nectar volumes decreased over the day. In covered flowers, nectar volume, sugar concentration, and sugar amount per flower increased up to the third day; in older flowers sugar secretion ceased. In 1996 Autographa gamma (Noctuidae) was the exclusive nocturnal flower visitor, but pollen transfer experiments proved that A. gamma (Noctuidae) is a very ineffective pollinator of S. officinalis. In 1999 up to 50% of the observed visitors were Sphingidae, which resulted in a significantly higher seed set. Fruit set was constantly high independent of pollinator availability. In the nectar manipulation experiments seed set was highest in non-emasculated flowers filled with unnaturally high concentrated sucrose solutions. Differences to seed set on stalks treated with a sucrose solution mimicking naturally concentrated nectar were significant. Lowest fruit and seed set were found on inflorescences with emasculated flowers filled with a sucrose solution mimicking naturally concentrated nectar. |
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