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Characterization of a Cyanobacterial Chloride-pumping Rhodopsin and Its Conversion into a Proton Pump
Authors:Takatoshi Hasemi  Takashi Kikukawa  Naoki Kamo  Makoto Demura
Institution:From the Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
Abstract:Light-driven ion-pumping rhodopsins are widely distributed in microorganisms and are now classified into the categories of outward H+ and Na+ pumps and an inward Cl pump. These different types share a common protein architecture and utilize the photoisomerization of the same chromophore, retinal, to evoke photoreactions. Despite these similarities, successful pump-to-pump conversion had been confined to only the H+ pump bacteriorhodopsin, which was converted to a Cl pump in 1995 by a single amino acid replacement. In this study we report the first success of the reverse conversion from a Cl pump to a H+ pump. A novel microbial rhodopsin (MrHR) from the cyanobacterium Mastigocladopsis repens functions as a Cl pump and belongs to a cluster that is far distant from the known Cl pumps. With a single amino acid replacement, MrHR is converted to a H+ pump in which dissociable residues function almost completely in the H+ relay reactions. MrHR most likely evolved from a H+ pump, but it has not yet been highly optimized into a mature Cl pump.
Keywords:bioenergetics  membrane protein  photobiology  photoreceptor  proton pump  microbial rhodopsin  retinal proteins
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