Sulphur dioxide and fluoride co-exposure cause enamel damage by disrupting the Cl-/HCO3- ion transport |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Region, China;2. The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China;3. Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China;4. Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Region, China;5. Toxicity Testing Center of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China;1. Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People''s Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China;2. Department of Marine Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People''s Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China;3. School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230032, China;4. Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People''s Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China;1. Institute of Energy Metabolism and Health, Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China;2. Anhui Provincial Chest Hospital，Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China;3. Department of Respiratory Medicine, No. 901 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Logistic Support Force, Hefei 230071, Anhui Province, China;4. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China;5. The Second People’s Hospital of HeFei, Hefei 230011, Anhui Province, China;1. University of Life Sciences ”King Michael I”, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Timisoara, Romania;2. “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, Institute of Life Sciences, Romania;1. Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, 30-901 Krakow, Poland;2. Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;3. Department of Neurosurgery, St. Raphael Hospital, 30-693 Krakow, Poland;4. Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski University, 30-705 Kraków, Poland;5. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland;6. Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital, Kraków, Poland;7. Department of Rehabilitation in Orthopedics, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation Bronisław Czech University of Physical Education in Kraków, Poland;8. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;9. Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Specialist Hospital No. 2 in Jastrzębie-Zdrój, 44-300 Jastrzębie-Zdrój, Poland;1. Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China;2. Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China;3. Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Beijing 100191, PR China;4. Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China;1. Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;2. Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;3. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;4. Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveAlthough there is growing evidence linking the exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO2) and fluoride to human diseases, there is little data on the co-exposure of SO2 and fluoride. Moreover, literature on SO2 and fluoride co-exposure to enamel damage is insufficient. In this work, we concentrate on the concurrent environmental issues of excessive SO2 and fluoride in several coal-consuming regions.MethodTo identify the toxicity of SO2 and fluoride exposure either separately or together, we used both ICR mice and LS8 cells, and factorial design was employed to assess the type of potential combined action.ResultIn this study, co-exposure to SO2 and fluoride exacerbated enamel damage, resulting in more severe enamel defects of incisor and the damage occurred earlier. Cl-/HCO3- exchanger expression is increased by SO2 and fluoride in mouse incisor. Consistent with in vivo results, co-exposure of SO2 and fluoride decreased pHi and increased [Cl-]i level by increasing the expression of the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger in LS8 cells. Furthermore, SO2 and F may increase merlin protein expression, and merlin deficiency causes AE2 expression to decrease in vitro.ConclusionOverall, these results indicate that co-exposure to SO2 and fluoride may result in more toxicity both in vitro and in vivo than a single exposure to SO2 and fluoride, suggesting that residents in areas contaminated with SO2 and fluoride may be more likely to suffer enamel damage. |
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| Keywords: | Sulphur dioxide Fluoride AE2 Merlin |
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