Elucidating the molecular interaction of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 with diaminopimelic acid and lysine type peptidoglycans using in silico approaches

Abstract

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) belong to the family of pattern recognition receptor, represent the major constituent of innate immunity. Although PGRPs are structurally conserved through evolution, their involvement in innate immunity is different in vertebrates and invertebrates. They are highly specific towards recognition of ligands and can hydrolyze bacterial peptidoglycans (PGNs). Zebrafish PGRPs (zPGRPs) have both peptidoglycans lytic amidase activity and broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, but far less is known about how these receptors recognize these microbial ligands. Such studies are hindered due to lack of structural and functional configuration of zPGRPs. Therefore, in this study, we predicted the three-dimensional structure of zPGRP2 through theoretical modeling, investigated the conformational and dynamic properties through molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular docking study revealed the microbial ligands, that is, muramyl pentapeptide–DAP , muramyl pentapeptide–LYS, muramyl tripeptide–DAP, muramyl tripeptide–Lys, muramyl tetrapeptide–DAP, muramyl tetrapeptide–LYS and tracheal cytotoxin interacts with the conserved amino acids of the ligand recognition site comprised of β1, α2, α4, β4 and loops connecting β1 ? α2, α2 ? β2, β3 ? β4 and α4 ? α5. Conserved His31, His32, Ala34, Ile35, Pro36, Lys38, Asp60, Trp61, Trp63, Ala89, His90, Asp106, His143 and Arg144 are predicted to essential for binding and provides stability to these zPGRP–PGN complexes. Our study provides basic molecular information for further research on the immune mechanisms of PGRP’s in Zebrafish. The plasticity of the zPGRP’s binding site revealed by these microbial ligands suggests an intrinsic capacity of the innate immune system to rapidly evolve specificities to meet new microbial challenges in the future.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma