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How viruses access the nucleus
Authors:Sarah CohenShelly Au  Nelly Panté
Institution:
  • Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
  • Abstract:Many viruses depend on nuclear proteins for replication. Therefore, their viral genome must enter the nucleus of the host cell. In this review we briefly summarize the principles of nucleocytoplasmic transport, and then describe the diverse strategies used by viruses to deliver their genomes into the host nucleus. Some of the emerging mechanisms include: (1) nuclear entry during mitosis, when the nuclear envelope is disassembled, (2) viral genome release in the cytoplasm followed by entry of the genome through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), (3) capsid docking at the cytoplasmic side of the NPC, followed by genome release, (4) nuclear entry of intact capsids through the NPC, followed by genome release, and (5) nuclear entry via virus-induced disruption of the nuclear envelope. Which mechanism a particular virus uses depends on the size and structure of the virus, as well as the cellular cues used by the virus to trigger capsid disassembly and genome release. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Signaling and Cellular Fate through Modulation of Nuclear Protein Import.
    Keywords:AAV2  adeno-associated virus 2  AcMNPV  Autographa californica multiple-capsid nucleopolyhedrovirus  cNLS  classical nuclear localization sequence  cPPT  central polypurine tract  CPV  canine parvovirus  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  EM  electron microscopy  GDP  guanosine diphosphate  GTP  guanosine triphosphate  GV  Granulovirus  HBV  hepatitis B virus  HIV-1  human immunodeficiency virus 1  HSV-1  herpes simplex virus 1  INM  inner nuclear membrane  MLV  murine leukemia virus  MVM  minute virus of mice  NE  nuclear envelope  NLS  nuclear localization sequence  NP  nucleoprotein  NPC  nuclear pore complex  NPV  Nucleopolyhedrovirus  Nup  Nucleoporin or NPC protein  ONM  outer nuclear membrane  PIC  pre-integration complex  RNAi  RNA interference  SV40  simian virus 40  vRNP  viral ribonucleoprotein complex
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