Heterochrony and sexual dimorphism in the skull of the Liberian chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) |
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Authors: | R L Anemone D R Swindler |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, 49008 Kalamazoo, MI, USA;(2) Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, 98195 Seatle, WA, USA |
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Abstract: | Allometric methods and theory derived from principles of relative growth provide new and powerful approaches to an understanding
of the nature and development of sexual dimorphism among living primates. The Frankfurt collection of Liberian chimpanzee
skulls and mandibles provides a large skeletal sample from a single natural population of wild shot animals, including individuals
of all ages and both sexes, and allows investigation of allometric and heterochronic patterns of sexual dimorphism. Univariate,
bivariate, and multivariate analyses are utilized in this study in order to ascertain the ontogenetic nature of male-female
differences in the skull of the Liberian chimpanzee. The results of univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that, while
overall levels of sexual dimorphism in the chimpanzee skull are small, the greatest differences are in dimensions of the viscerocranium,
while neurocranial dimensions and orbital size tend to be less dimorphic. Bivariate regressions of 21 cranial variables against
basicranial length document positive allometry in many facial and mandibular dimensions, and isometry or negative allometry
for most neurocranial dimensions. The data confirm previous work in chimpanzees and other anthropoid primates suggesting that
males and females are “ontogenetically scaled” in most cranial traits. That is, males and females share the same cranial growth
trajectories, although ending up at different points. Both rate and time hypermorphosis are suggested as underlying causes
of ontogenetic scaling in the Liberian chimpanzee. |
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Keywords: | Heterochrony Sexual Dimorphism Pan troglodytes verus Skull Allometry Liberian Chimpanzee |
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