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Monitoring Thermal Annealing of Perovskite Solar Cells with In Situ Photoluminescence
Authors:Jacobus J. van Franeker  Koen H. Hendriks  Bardo J. Bruijnaers  Martinus W. G. M. Verhoeven  Martijn M. Wienk  René A. J. Janssen
Affiliation:1. Molecular Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands;2. Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), AX, Eindhoven, The Netherlands;3. Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands;4. Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Abstract:Layer deposition of organometal halide perovskites for solar cells usually involves tedious experimentation to establish the optimum processing conditions. Important parameters are the time and temperature of thermal annealing. Here, it is demonstrated that in situ photoluminescence allows to determine the optimal annealing procedure without fabricating complete solar cells. A deposition method is used in which dense layers of perovskite crystals are formed within seconds in ambient air by hot casting a mixture of lead acetate, lead chloride, and methylammonium iodide. The as‐cast perovskite layers are highly luminescent because charge carriers are unable to reach the charge extraction layers that quench the photoluminescence. Thermal annealing enhances charge transport and quenches the photoluminescence, but deteriorates the photovoltaic performance via decomposition of the perovskite if applied for a too long time. It is demonstrated that the optimal annealing time coincides with the time required for the in situ measured photoluminescence intensity to reach its baseline value for annealing temperatures in the range of 80–100 °C. This results in efficient (>14%) perovskite solar cells and shows that in situ photoluminescence is a simple but powerful tool for in‐line quality monitoring of perovskite films.
Keywords:air‐processing  in situ  perovskites  photoluminescence  solar cell  thermal annealing
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