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Establishment of X chromosome inactivation and epigenomic features of the inactive X depend on cellular contexts
Authors:Céline Vallot  Jean‐François Ouimette  Claire Rougeulle
Affiliation:Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
Abstract:X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an essential epigenetic process that ensures X‐linked gene dosage equilibrium between sexes in mammals. XCI is dynamically regulated during development in a manner that is intimately linked to differentiation. Numerous studies, which we review here, have explored the dynamics of X inactivation and reactivation in the context of development, differentiation and diseases, and the phenotypic and molecular link between the inactive status, and the cellular context. Here, we also assess whether XCI is a uniform mechanism in mammals by analyzing epigenetic signatures of the inactive X (Xi) in different species and cellular contexts. It appears that the timing of XCI and the epigenetic signature of the inactive X greatly vary between species. Surprisingly, even within a given species, various Xi configurations are found across cellular states. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying these variations, and how they might influence the fate of the Xi.
Keywords:development  differentiation  heterochromatin landscape  non‐coding RNA  pluripotency  stem cells  X chromosome inactivation
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