Spermiogenesis in Seison nebaliae (Rotifera, Seisonidea): further evidence of a rotifer-acanthocephalan relationship

The spermatozoa of Seison nebaliae are filiform cells about 70 mum long with a diameter of 0.6 mum. They have a slightly enlarged head, 2.5 mum long, followed by a long cell body. The flagellum starts from the head, and runs parallel to the cell body, contained in a groove along it. The head contains an acrosome, two large, paired para-acrosomal bodies, the basal body of the flagellum and the anterior thin extremity of the nucleus. The cell body contains the main portion of the nucleus, a single mitochondrion located in its distal portion, and many accessory bodies with different shapes. The flagellum has a 9 + 2 axoneme. The study of spermiogenesis shows the Golgian origin of the acrosome and the para-acrosomal bodies and reveals some peculiarities: a folding of the perinuclear cisterna is present between the proacrosome and the basal body of the flagellum in early spermatids and the flagellum runs in a canal inside the spermatid cytoplasm. The basal body migrates anteriorly. These characters are shared partly by the Rotifera Monogononta and, to a large extent, by the Acanthocephala studied so far. Many details of the spermiogenetic process are identical to those of Acanthocephala, thus suggesting that the processes in the two taxa are homologous.