A review of the biology,ecology, behavior and conservation status of the dusky grouper, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epinephelus marginatus</Emphasis> (Lowe 1834)

The dusky grouper is a large-bodied marine species usually associated with rocky substrates and reefs currently experiencing increasing anthropogenic pressures. Here, we critically evaluate studies conducted during the last few decades on this endangered species, focusing on its biology, ecology, behavior, stock structure and fisheries, and identify future research directions to fill current knowledge gaps. This species plays an important functional role in the rocky bottom habitats in which it lives, usually occupying the highest trophic levels and with the potential role as a keystone species in some ecosystems. It has a complex life cycle characterized by a high longevity, a slow growth rate and a monandric protogynous hermaphroditic mode of reproduction. The species also exhibits spawning aggregation behavior, which makes it more vulnerable to fishing activity. Aside from its ecological importance, this species has high commercial value for professional fishers and is also highly prized by recreational spearfishers. These biological features, associated with increasing fishing pressures throughout most of its geographical distribution, have led to Epinephelus marginatus being included since 2004 in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Endangered. Despite a large amount of research being conducted on this species over the last five decades or so, using a number of different tools and techniques, key questions regarding its biology still remain unanswered. In terms of conservation and management plans designed to safeguard this endangered species, we identified the crucial need to improve fisheries landing statistics for the species and to increase the number of marine protected areas within its distribution beyond the Mediterranean Sea.