Temporal oligodendrocyte lineage progression: In vitro models of proliferation,differentiation and myelination |
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Authors: | Andreia Barateiro Adelaide Fernandes |
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Institution: | 1. Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;2. Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal |
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Abstract: | Oligodendrocytes are neuroglial cells responsible, within the central nervous system, for myelin sheath formation that provides an electric insulation of axons and accelerate the transmission of electrical signals. In order to be able to produce myelin, oligodendrocytes progress through a series of differentiation steps from oligodendrocyte precursor cells to mature oligodendrocytes (migration, increase in morphologic complexity and expression pattern of specific markers), which are modulated by cross talk with other nerve cells. If during the developmental stage any of these mechanisms is affected by toxic or external stimuli it may result into impaired myelination leading to neurological deficits. Such being the case, several approaches have been developed to evaluate how oligodendrocyte development and myelination may be impaired. The present review aims to summarize changes that oligodendrocytes suffer from precursor cells to mature ones, and to describe and discuss the different in vitro models used to evaluate not only oligodendrocyte development (proliferation, migration, differentiation and ability to myelinate), but also their interaction with neurons and other glial cells. First we discuss the temporal oligodendrocyte lineage progression, highlighting the differences between human and rodent, usually used as tissue supply for in vitro cultures. Second we describe how to perform and characterize the different in vitro cultures, as well as the methodologies to evaluate oligodendrocyte functionality in each culture system, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we briefly discuss the current status of in vivo models for oligodendrocyte development and myelination. |
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Keywords: | CNS central nervous system DIV days in vitro DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium DRG dorsal root ganglion E embryonic day FABP fatty-acid-binding protein FBS fetal bovine serum FGF fibroblast growth factor GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein Iba-1 ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 ITS insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite MACS magnetic-activated cell sorting MBP myelin basic protein OL oligodendrocytes OPC oligodendrocyte precursor cells P postnatal day PBS phosphate-buffered saline PDGF platelet-derived growth factor PDGF-Rα platelet-derived growth factor receptor α PNS peripheral nervous system ROS reactive oxygen species UCB unconjugated bilirubin |
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