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Temporal oligodendrocyte lineage progression: In vitro models of proliferation,differentiation and myelination
Authors:Andreia Barateiro  Adelaide Fernandes
Institution:1. Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;2. Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract:Oligodendrocytes are neuroglial cells responsible, within the central nervous system, for myelin sheath formation that provides an electric insulation of axons and accelerate the transmission of electrical signals. In order to be able to produce myelin, oligodendrocytes progress through a series of differentiation steps from oligodendrocyte precursor cells to mature oligodendrocytes (migration, increase in morphologic complexity and expression pattern of specific markers), which are modulated by cross talk with other nerve cells. If during the developmental stage any of these mechanisms is affected by toxic or external stimuli it may result into impaired myelination leading to neurological deficits. Such being the case, several approaches have been developed to evaluate how oligodendrocyte development and myelination may be impaired. The present review aims to summarize changes that oligodendrocytes suffer from precursor cells to mature ones, and to describe and discuss the different in vitro models used to evaluate not only oligodendrocyte development (proliferation, migration, differentiation and ability to myelinate), but also their interaction with neurons and other glial cells. First we discuss the temporal oligodendrocyte lineage progression, highlighting the differences between human and rodent, usually used as tissue supply for in vitro cultures. Second we describe how to perform and characterize the different in vitro cultures, as well as the methodologies to evaluate oligodendrocyte functionality in each culture system, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we briefly discuss the current status of in vivo models for oligodendrocyte development and myelination.
Keywords:CNS  central nervous system  DIV  days in vitro  DMEM  Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium  DRG  dorsal root ganglion  E  embryonic day  FABP  fatty-acid-binding protein  FBS  fetal bovine serum  FGF  fibroblast growth factor  GFAP  glial fibrillary acidic protein  Iba-1  ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1  ITS  insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite  MACS  magnetic-activated cell sorting  MBP  myelin basic protein  OL  oligodendrocytes  OPC  oligodendrocyte precursor cells  P  postnatal day  PBS  phosphate-buffered saline  PDGF  platelet-derived growth factor  PDGF-Rα  platelet-derived growth factor receptor α  PNS  peripheral nervous system  ROS  reactive oxygen species  UCB  unconjugated bilirubin
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