| Abstract: | Unpredictability in the temporal availability of susceptible hosts is likely to act as a selection pressure affecting the life history strategies of parasites. In highly variable environments the future of the lineage can be secured by spreading the risk, for example, by producing descendants that differ in their timing of emergence. Counter to this, in predictable environments a single "best-adapted" phenotype is expected. We asked whether ectoparasitic Argulus coregoni egg hatching pattern can be explained as a genetically canalized individual trait; an instance of phenotypic plasticity or bet-hedging. We collected egg clutches laid by individual A. coregoni females in early and late reproductive period of the lice population and randomized the clutches within 3 treatments. Intra- and inter-clutch variability in the hatching dynamics of A. coregoni eggs was monitored and the reproductive potential assessed. On average A. coregoni females laid 317 (SD±176.6) eggs. We found that the plasticity in the hatching dynamics among A. coregoni eggs was remarkable. Noticeable peaks in hatching were followed each of the repeated artificial "winter treatments" in 1°C. Repeated 2 weeks cold treatments induced relatively bigger hatching peaks than 2 days cold treatments compared to controls at room temperature. However, in all treatments, egg clutches hatched through an extended period of 7 months on average and the total hatching percentages were similar. We found that intra-clutch variability in hatching among eggs laid by single A. coregoni females was greater than inter-clutch variability. Our data support the predictions of the adaptive bet-hedging strategy in relation to egg-hatching dynamics. Response to cooling and bet-hedging may be adaptive for such species like A. coregoni since by synchronizing the life-cycle with the seasonal environment will assist transmission and parasite fitness. |
