Role of HMGB1 signaling in the inflammatory process in diabetic retinopathy |
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| Institution: | 2. Department of Healthcare, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi 276000, PR China;3. Department of Image, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi 276000, PR China;1. Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China;2. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China;1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China;2. Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China;3. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China |
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| Abstract: | High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a key player in retinal inflammation. HMGB1 is a danger associated protein pattern receptor which can sense high glucose as a stressor. Increased HMGB1 levels have been found in patients with late stage diabetic retinopathy. HMGB1 can bind toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), leading to increased inflammation commonly through nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkB). Because diabetic patients have been found to have increased HMGB1 and RAGE levels, as well as polymorphisms of TLR4, a number of investigations have focused on inhibition of these pathways in the diabetic retina. Work in diabetic animal models and cell culture have demonstrated a number of factors that can inhibit HMGB1/TLR4/RAGE signaling. This regulation offers potential new avenues for therapeutic development. This review is focused on HMGB1 signaling and downstream pathways leading to inflammation in the diabetic retina. |
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