Biotechnological significance of toxic marine dinoflagellates |
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Authors: | Camacho F Garcia Rodríguez J Gallardo Mirón A Sánchez García M C Cerón Belarbi E H Chisti Y Grima E Molina |
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Affiliation: | Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain. fgarcia@ual.es |
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Abstract: | Dinoflagellates are microalgae that are associated with the production of many marine toxins. These toxins poison fish, other wildlife and humans. Dinoflagellate-associated human poisonings include paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and ciguatera fish poisoning. Dinoflagellate toxins and bioactives are of increasing interest because of their commercial impact, influence on safety of seafood, and potential medical and other applications. This review discusses biotechnological methods of identifying toxic dinoflagellates and detecting their toxins. Potential applications of the toxins are discussed. A lack of sufficient quantities of toxins for investigational purposes remains a significant limitation. Producing quantities of dinoflagellate bioactives requires an ability to mass culture them. Considerations relating to bioreactor culture of generally fragile and slow-growing dinoflagellates are discussed. Production and processing of dinoflagellates to extract bioactives, require attention to biosafety considerations as outlined in this review. |
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Keywords: | AOAC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists ASP, Amnesic shellfish poisoning AZAs, Azaspiracids AZP, Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning bFGF, Basic fibroblast growth factor CFP, Ciguatera fish poisoning CTXs, Ciguatoxins DGGE, Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid DSP, Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning DTX, Dinophysis toxins DTXn, DTXs (n = 1–3) ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EU, European Union FISH, Fluorescent in situ hybridization GNTX2/3, Gonyautoxin 2/3 HABs, Harmful algal blooms HPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography IC50, Concentration required to produce half the maximal inhibition IOC, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission LC-MS, Liquid chromatography coupled mass spectroscopy MAbs, Monoclonal antibodies MBA, Mouse bioassay MTXs, Maitotoxins NSP, Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning PbTx, Brevetoxins PbTx-n, Brevetoxin n (n = 1–10) PSP, Paralytic shellfish poisoning PTXs, Pectenotoxins PTX2, Pectenotoxin-2 RIA, Radioimmunoassay RNA, Ribonucleic acid STXs, Saxitoxins TT, Tetanus toxoid TTH, Tachypleus tridentatus hemocyanin TTX, Tetrodotoxin YTXs, Yessotoxins ZTs, Zooxanthellatoxins |
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