意大利蜜蜂和小峰熊蜂在温室桃园的传粉行为及其影响因素

意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica和小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita是我国设施农业中的两种主要授粉昆虫, 二者的传粉方式和传粉效率因不同作物而各有不同。为了选用最理想的蜂种为温室作物授粉, 提高作物的授粉效率, 我们于2008-2010年连续3年在北京的温室桃园进行了意大利蜜蜂和小峰熊蜂的传粉行为及其影响因素的研究。结果表明, 两种蜂的日活动规律不同, 和意大利蜜蜂相比, 小峰熊蜂的活动起点温度低、 日工作时间长、 单花访问时间长, 采集蜂在温室内距离蜂巢不同距离之间扩散比较均匀。而意大利蜜蜂采集蜂的数量随授粉半径的增大而明显减少。温室内环境因子对两种蜂传粉活动的影响基本一致, 温度对两种蜂的传粉活动影响最大, 其次是湿度、 单花花蜜浓度和光照强度, 而单花花蜜体积对蜂活动无明显影响。本研究认为对于温室桃授粉应优先选用授粉性能稳定的小峰熊蜂, 并且适当调节温室内环境条件, 以提高其授粉效率。

Pollination behavior of Apis mellifera ligustica and Bombus hypocrita (Hymenoptera,Apidae)and the influencing factors in peach greenhouse

The honeybee Apis mellifera ligustica and the bumblebee Bombus hypocrita are the two main pollinators for greenhouse agriculture in China. Their pollination behavior and activity patterns differ on some crops. In order to employ the most appropriate bee species and improve pollination efficiency, we investigated the pollination behavior of the two bee species and the factors that influence it in greenhouses for peaches between 2008 and 2010. The results showed that diurnal activity differed between the species. Compared with A. mellifera ligustica, B. hypocrita started work at a lower temperature and had a longer working day, as well as a longer visiting time per flower, and the number of foraging bees was almost the same at different distances from the nest. In contrast, the number of foraging bees of A. mellifera ligustica declined with their distance from the hive. In greenhouses, the influences of environmental factors on bees were basically the same. Temperature was the most important factor for limiting pollination activity, while the humidity, nectar concentration of a flower, and the illumination intensity, were all less important. The nectar volume per flower was not directly correlated with the level of bee activity. In conclusion, B. hypocrita should be favored for pollination in peach greenhouses. Furthermore, in order to improve the efficiency of bee pollinators, greenhouse conditions may need to be adjusted.