Glucose-induced activation of H+-ATPase in Dunaliella salina and its role in hygromycin resistance

Dunaliella salina, a eukaryotic microalga, is known for its highly halophilic nature. The high level of salts in growth medium for this alga has made its genetic transformation a comparatively difficult procedure, particularly during the selection stage. The high salt content decreases the efficiency of most antibiotics which are being used as selection markers. Studies pertaining to the interrelationship between salt concentration and antibiotic sensitivity are scarce in Dunaliella. During our previous experiment at genetic transformation of Dunaliella, an inverse relationship between the amount of antibiotic hygromycin and sodium chloride in the medium was revealed. A possible link between plasma membrane activity and the hygromycin sensitivity was investigated in the present study by modulating plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase activity using glucose. Glucose-induced activation of H⁺-ATPase, reduced the tolerance of D. salina to the antibiotic hygromycin. Hygromycin concentration required for selection during genetic transformation of Dunaliella was lowered from 100 to 25 mg L^?1 in the presence of 10 mM glucose. Conversely, the inhibitors of the plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase, orthovanadate and diethylstilbestrol were found to inhibit the glucose activation at concentrations of 10 and 15 μM, respectively. The activation of H⁺-ATPase by glucose was further confirmed through H⁺-ATPase assay and medium acidification experiments. The results indicated that the sensitivity of Dunaliella to antibiotic is related to H⁺-ATPase and the possible involvement of pH gradient, created through H⁺-ATPase activation during drug transport.