Understanding wildlife responses to human disturbance through simulation modelling: A management tool |
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| Authors: | Victoria J Bennett Matthew Beard Patrick A Zollner Esteban Fernández-Juricic Lynne Westphal Cherie L LeBlanc |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 195 Marsteller Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;2. Department of Veterinary Pathology, 2764 Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;3. Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Peterson Hall 1-109, 1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA;4. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1033 University Place, Suite 360, Evanston, IL 60201-3172, USA;1. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;2. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;1. Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biologia Ambiental/Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Edifício C2-5°, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;2. Western Transportation Institute, Montana State University, P.O. Box 174250, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;3. Laboratory of Agent Modelling, Departamento de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C6, Piso 3, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;4. Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6;1. UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany;2. Wildlife Institute of India, Post Box 18, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248001, India;3. Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany;1. Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany;2. Center of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany;3. Grassland Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany;4. Institut für Wildbiologie Göttingen und Dresden e.V., Göttingen, Germany;5. Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Dresden University of Technology, Germany;1. Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA;2. Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel;3. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;4. Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA;5. Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France;6. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA;7. Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada;8. Department of Fish, Wildlife, & Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA;9. Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA;10. Trunks & Leaves Inc, Newtonville, MA, USA;11. Purdue University, Department of Biological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, USA;12. Save the Elephants, Nairobi, Kenya;13. Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, CA, USA;14. Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA, USA;15. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;16. Department of Animal Biology and Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA;17. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Conservation Partnerships Program, Carlsbad, CA, USA;18. Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK |
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| Abstract: | With conservation awareness and the demand for wildlife preservation increasing, ecotourism and outdoor recreational activities are becoming more popular. If such activities go unmanaged, the disruption to many species may have implications on their breeding success, survival and abundance and these, in turn, may have cascading ecosystem effects. By developing management strategies, through the application of simulation models, to simultaneously maintain recreational opportunities and sustain wildlife populations, these detrimental impacts can be minimised. Simulation of Disturbance Activities (SODA) is a spatially explicit individual-based model designed as a flexible and transferable practical tool to explore the effects of spatial and temporal patterns of anthropogenic disturbance on wildlife.Two case studies were used to illustrate the capabilities of SODA, one explored the effect of potential park designs on a nesting population of yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) in Calumet, IL and the other investigated the influence of visitor frequency on the breeding success of barbastelle bats (Barbastella barbastellus) in the south west of England. For the yellow-headed blackbird, SODA revealed that pathways in close proximity to their main nesting and foraging habitat increased the level of disturbance experienced by the birds, although not to an extent that was detrimental to their breeding success. However, establishing paths beyond the zone of influence may ensure that the yellow-headed blackbird and other avian species continue to use the area in its entirety. In the second case study, SODA demonstrated that female barbastelle bats are significantly disturbed by the unrestricted movement of recreationists at their breeding colony site. However, SODA also revealed a lack of confidence in the critical energetic threshold value applied in the simulation. Subsequently, the overall effect of anthropogenic disturbance on the breeding success of this species could not be fully ascertained. |
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