The sensory structures of the antennal flagellum in Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae): A functional reduction? |
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| Authors: | Roberto Romani Marco Valerio Rossi Stacconi Paola Riolo Nunzio Isidoro |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Perugia University, 06121 Perugia, Italy;2. Dipartimento Scienze Ambientali e delle Produzioni Vegetali, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy;1. Department of Entomology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA;2. USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA;3. Department of Environmental Science and Policy Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA;4. Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, 3005 Experiment Station Drive, Hood River, OR 97031-9512, USA;1. Division of Biology, Department of Earth System Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan;2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan;1. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, PL 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;2. Department of Zoology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, PL 40-007 Katowice, Poland;1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;2. College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China;3. Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia;1. College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, China;2. State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China;3. INRA, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris, Versailles, France;1. Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy;2. Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection – National Research Council of Italy, IPSP-CNR, Torino, Italy;3. Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Despite their relevance as harmful pests on plants of economic importance, Hemiptera Fulgoromorpha have been poorly studied as regards their antennal sensory structures. In particular, the flagellum has been neglected and, therefore, to date there are no data on its structural organization and sensory equipment. In order to fill this gap, we carried out a study on the sensillum types and distribution on the flagellum of the planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret, an efficient vector of the stolbur phytoplasma, the cause of various crop diseases. In this cixiid species the antenna is composed of three segments, the scape, an enlarged pedicel and a long flagellum. This latter is made of a single segment and presents a basal, bulb-like enlargement from which two processes arise, a short spur and a long arista. Combining scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and focused ion beam investigations, we discovered the presence of a total number of 6 sensilla, belonging to 4 different types: a single scolopidium extending from the bulb to the arista, three sensilla styloconica within the cuticular spur and two different sensilla coeloconica inside the bulb. As far as structural data can suggest, these sensilla might be involved in the perception of mechanical stimuli (possibly air-borne vibrations), temperature and humidity variations and CO2 concentration. The strong reduction in sensillum number in this species is discussed as possible functional specialization of the flagellum itself. The ultrastructure of the sensilla in the flagellum of a species of Fulgoromorpha is here presented for the first time. |
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