Ichthyotoxicity of four species of gymnodinioid dinoflagellates (Kareniaceae,Dinophyta) and purified karlotoxins to larval sheepshead minnow |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;2. UMBI Center of Marine Biotechnology, 701 E. Pratt St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;1. School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11790, New York, United States;2. Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States;3. School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States;1. Laboratory of Cell Culture and Marine Genomics, Marine Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences and COPAS Sur-Austral Program, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile;2. Screening of Neuroactive Compounds Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile;3. Laboratory of Bioassay, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile;4. Center for Advanced Research on Biomedicine (CIAB-UdeC), University of Concepcion, Chile;1. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia;2. Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Tongyeong 650-943, Republic of Korea;1. Carmen Campos Panisse 3, 11500 Puerto de Santa María, Spain;2. Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences, 32 Av. Foch, 62930 Wimereux, France;3. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1049, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of MOE for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;2. Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;1. University of North Carolina, Center of Marine Science, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA;2. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol, College Stn, TX, 77843, USA |
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| Abstract: | Two species of Kareniaceae, Karlodinium veneficum (Swan and Huon River isolates) and Karlodinium conicum, and their respective purified karlotoxins (KmTx), were investigated for ichthyotoxicity on larval sheepshead minnow. Two non-karlotoxin producing species, Karenia mikimotoi and Karlodinium ballantinum were also tested. Algal treatments included live and lysed cells (homogenized and CuSO4 treated) with fish mortalities observed from lysed Ka. veneficum and Ka. conicum but none observed from K. mikimotoi and Ka. ballantinum. The variance in ichthyotoxicity between live and lysed cells of Ka. veneficum (Swan and Huon River) and Ka. conicum (Southern Ocean) confirm that toxin is cell bound and ichthyotoxicity increases upon lysis. Ichthyotoxic blooms of Ka. veneficum in situ in the Swan River, Western Australia and Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA are unrelated to algal cell density as mortality was observed with low densities. In laboratory treatments, no fish mortalities were observed upon exposure to live intact cells of all four species at algal concentrations up to 2.5 × 105 cells/mL in replete nutrient growth conditions. Lysed low density (3 × 104 cells/mL) Ka. veneficum (Swan and Huon River) grown under P-limited nutrients caused quicker fish mortality than those cultured in replete nutrient conditions. Pure toxin isolated from Ka. veneficum (Swan and Huon River) and Ka. conicum (Southern Ocean) were toxic to sheepshead minnow larvae, with the lethal dose lowest for KmHuonTx 2 (508.2 ng/mL), followed by KmSwanTx 2-1 (563.2 ng/mL), and KmconicumTx (762.4 ng/mL). |
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