Gymnodinium litoralis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a newly identified bloom-forming dinoflagellate from the NW Mediterranean Sea |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC) Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;2. Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Ecologiche e Geologiche, Via Piandanna, 4, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;3. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC) Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;1. Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia;2. Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;3. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;4. Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand;1. UMR MARBEC, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (IRD, Ifremer, Université Montpellier, CNRS), Université Montpellier, CC 093, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;2. CNRS, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe EPEP, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France;3. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France;4. UMR MARBEC, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (IRD, Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, CNRS), Laboratoire Environnement et Ressources du Languedoc-Roussillon (LER-LR), Station Ifremer, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, 34203 Sète Cedex, France;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea;2. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea;1. Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadallèen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway;2. Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. box 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway;3. University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, P. O. box 1066 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway;4. Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Citadel, Plymouth, Pl1 2PB, United Kingdom;1. Department Biologie, Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, D – 80638 München, Germany;2. Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;3. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, 27 Dzięgielowa Str., 61-680 Poznań, Poland;4. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Didactic and Scientific Branch in Piła, 15 Kołobrzeska Str., 64-920 Piła, Poland;5. Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D – 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;1. School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia;2. Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER –Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France;3. La Trobe University, School of Life Science, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Albury/Wodonga Campus, VIC, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Recurrent high-biomass blooms of a gymnodinioid species have been periodically recorded at different sites in the NW Mediterranean Sea (Catalan and Sardinian coast), causing intense discolorations of the water. In this study, several strains of the causative organism were isolated and subsequently studied with respect to the morphology of the vegetative cells and different life cycle stages, pigments profile, and molecular phylogeny. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the strains were placed within the Gymnodinium sensu stricto clade. The species possessed a horseshoe-shaped apical groove running anticlockwise around the apex and the major accessory pigment was identified as peridinin. These characteristics place the organism within the Gymnodinium genus, as defined today, although some other characteristics, such as vesicular chambers in the nuclear envelope and a nuclear fibrous connective were not observed. Morphologically, the isolates highly resemble Gyrodinium vorax (Biecheler) but major differences with the latter suggest that they comprise a new species, Gymnodinium litoralis sp. nov. The resting cyst of this species is described herein from field samples of the Catalan and Sardinian coast; pellicle cysts were observed in field samples and also in cultures. This species recurrently produces high biomass blooms (>106 cell L−1) in summer along several beaches and coastal lagoons in the NW Mediterranean Sea (L’Estartit, La Muga River mouth, and Corru S’Ittiri). Knowledge about its geographic distribution is limited, since the precise identification of G. litoralis from the field or fixed samples can be difficult. Therefore we expect that molecular studies will reveal a much wider distribution of the species. |
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