Transient Increase in HDL‐Cholesterol During Weight Gain by Hyperalimentation in Healthy Subjects

Determination of lipid levels is fundamental in cardiovascular risk assessment. We studied the short‐term effects of fast food‐based hyperalimentation on lipid levels in healthy subjects. Twelve healthy men and six healthy women with a mean age of 26 ± 6.6 years and an aged‐matched control group were recruited for this prospective interventional study. Subjects in the intervention group aimed for a body weight increase of 5–15% by doubling the baseline caloric intake by eating at least two fast food‐based meals a day in combination with adoption of a sedentary lifestyle for 4 weeks. This protocol induced a weight gain from 67.6 ± 9.1 kg to 74.0 ± 11 kg (P < 0.001). A numerical increase in the levels of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol occurred in all subjects during the study and this was apparent already at the first week in 16/18 subjects (mean increase at week 1: +22.0 ± 16%, range from ?7 to +50%), whereas the highest level of HDL during the study as compared with baseline values varied from +6% to +58% (mean +31.6 ± 15%). The intake of saturated fat in the early phase of the trial related positively with the HDL‐cholesterol‐increase in the second week (r = 0.53, P = 0.028). Although the levels of insulin doubled at week 2, the increase in low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol was only +12 ± 17%, and there was no statistically significant changes in fasting serum triglycerides. We conclude that hyperalimentation can induce a fast but transient increase in HDL‐cholesterol that is of clinical interest when estimating cardiovascular risk based on serum lipid levels.