Affiliation: | 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 4HN , UK q.zhao@dundee.ac.uk;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 4HN , UK;4. TEER Coatings Ltd, West Stone House, Berry Hill Industrial Estate , Droitwich , Worcestershire , WR9 9AS , UK |