Developmental pattern of small antral follicles in the bovine ovary

The study was designed to characterize the developmental pattern of 1- to 3-mm follicles and to determine the stage at which the future dominant follicle first attains a size advantage among its cohorts. In experiment 1, heifers (n = 18) were examined every 24 h by transrectal ultrasonography for one interovulatory interval (IOI). In experiment 2, cows (n = 9) were examined every 6 h from 5 to 13 days after ovulation to monitor precisely the diameter changes of individual follicles >/=1 mm during emergence of wave 2. Results revealed a change over days (P < 0.05) in the number of 1- to 3-mm follicles, with a maximum (P < 0.05) 1 or 2 days before wave emergence (conventionally defined as the time when the dominant follicle is first detected at 4 mm), followed 3-4 days later by a maximum (P < 0.05) in the number of >/=4-mm follicles. The profiles of small (1-3 mm) and large (>/=4-mm) follicles were inversely proportional (r = -0.79; P = 0.01). The profile of the number of 1- to 3-mm follicles during wave emergence was similar (P = 0.63) between waves in two-wave IOI, but differed (P < 0.01) among waves in three-wave IOI as a result of a greater number of follicles in the ovulatory wave (P < 0.04). As well, the number of follicles in the ovulatory wave tended to be greater (P < 0.06) in three-wave IOI than in two-wave IOI. The future dominant follicle was first identified at a diameter of 1 mm and emerged 6-12 h earlier than the first subordinate follicle (P < 0.01). After detection of the dominant follicle at 1 mm (0 h), its diameter differed from that of the first and second subordinate follicles at 24 h (P = 0.04) and 12 h (P = 0.01), when the dominant follicle was 2.4 +/- 0.17 mm and 1.7 +/- 0.14 mm, respectively. The growth rate of the dominant follicle differed from that of the first and second subordinate follicles at 120 h (P = 0.03) and 108 h (P = 0.02), when the dominant follicle was 9.5 +/- 0.30 mm and 8.8 +/- 0.49 mm, respectively. Emergence of the future dominant (r = 0.71), first (r = 0.73), and second (r = 0.76) subordinate follicles was temporally associated (P < 0.01) with a rise in circulating concentrations of FSH. Transient, nocturnal elevations in plasma FSH concentration were followed within 6 h by an increase in the growth rate of 1- to 3-mm follicles. We conclude that 1) 1- to 3-mm follicles develop in a wave-like manner in association with surges in plasma concentrations of FSH, 2) 1- to 3-mm follicles are exquisitely responsive to transient elevations in FSH, and 3) selection of the dominant follicle is manifest earlier than previously documented and is characterized by a hierarchical progression over a period encompassing the entire FSH surge (5 days).