Morphological hemiplasies in cladistic studies of phylogeny,with examples from birds

Cladograms usually include many evolutionary reversions, parallelisms, and convergences united under the term homoplasy. Recently, it has become evident that molecular traits that look like homoplasy may be in fact true homologies. The processes of independent sorting of genes, which provide the basis of these events, were recently termed hemiplasy. The present study demonstrates theoretical possibility of independent manifestation of true homology (synapomorphy) in remote lineages of phylogenetic tree, as morphological characters are analyzed; this phenomenon is similar in manifestation (but not in nature) to hemiplasy. In the case of “morphological hemiplasy,” characters that appeared only once in evolution may formally be treated by a cladist as parallelisms, since they occur in remote lineages of phylogenetic tree. It is proposed that “morphological hemiplasy” is responsible for a number of uncertain cases in avian phylogeny. Examples are provided by the ducklike bill in Paleogene Presbyornithidae and extant Anatidae and Anseranatidae (Anseriformes), the apomorphic structure of the flying apparatus in Paleogene Jungornithidae (Apodiformes) and extant Trochilidae, and “independent” development of a highly-modified zygodactyl foot in Zygodactylidae and Pici.