Focusing of light by leaf epidermal cells

Leaf epidermal cells from a wide variety of plants focus light to surprisingly high levels. Using image analysis, the concentration and distribution of light was measured after it passed through epidermal cells within peels and epidermal cells attached to palisade cells in partially dissected leaves. In peels taken from Medicago sativa, Zea mays , and Impatiens sp., light was concentrated 15- to 20-fold by individual epidermal cells. When left attached to the mesophyll, which attenuated focusing by absorption and scattering, light was focused up to 5 times. The position of the focal spot beneath each epidermal cell was affected by the direction at which the light struck the cell. When the light was perpendicular to the leaf surface, individual focal spots fell beneath each epidermal cell. When the incident light was oblique, the focal spot shifted laterally and was positioned closer to the anticlinal cell wall. Focusing was observed when leaves were irradiated with collimated light but not with diffuse light. Focal lengths were relatively independent of wavelength within the visible region of the spectrum and there were only slight differences between focusing of blue vs red light. Epidermal lens properties can affect chlorophyll fluorescence and the photosynthetic performance of leaves. A survey of 47 species collected from a wide variety of habitats indicates that many plants have leaf epidermal cells with lens properties. The ability to measure epidermal focusing makes it possible to examine the adaptive and physiological significance of epidermal lens effects in plants.