Co-expulsion of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum by chickens |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;2. Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Universitätsplatz 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;1. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden;2. XVET GmbH, Sorthmannweg 20, 22529, Hamburg, Germany;3. Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden;1. University of Göttingen, Department of Animal Sciences, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;2. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Department of Animal Science, Terzioğlu Campus, 17020 Çanakkale, Turkey;1. University of Göttingen, Department of Animal Sciences, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany;2. Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany;3. Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitätsplatz 5,39100, Bolzano, Italy;1. Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia;2. F. D. McMaster Laboratory, Chiswick, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia;1. Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark;2. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Tjele, DK-8830, Denmark;3. Farm Animal Behaviour and Husbandry Section, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstraße 1a, Witzenhausen, 37213, Germany;4. Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 234, Skara, S-532 23, Sweden;5. Farm Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, Melle, B-9090, Belgium;6. Department of Animal and Environment, Louis Bolk Institute, Driebergen, The Netherlands;7. Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria;8. ADAS UK Limited, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridgeshire, CB23 4NN England, UK;9. Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy;1. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7009, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;2. Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | Worm expulsion is known to occur in mammalian hosts exposed to mono-species helminth infections, whilst this phenomenon is poorly described in avian hosts. Mono-species infections, however, are rather rare under natural circumstances. Therefore, we quantified the extent and duration of worm expulsion by chickens experimentally infected with both Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum, and investigated the accompanying humoral and cell-mediated host immune responses in association with population dynamics of the worms. Results demonstrated the strong co-expulsion of the two ascarid species in three phases. The expulsion patterns were characterized by non-linear alterations separated by species-specific time thresholds. Ascaridia galli burden decreased at a daily expulsion rate (e) of 4.3 worms up to a threshold of 30.5 days p.i., followed by a much lower second expulsion rate (e = 0.46), which resulted in almost, but not entirely, complete expulsion. Heterakis gallinarum was able to induce reinfection within the experimental period (9 weeks). First generation H. gallinarum worms were expelled at a daily rate of e = 0.8 worms until 36.4 days p.i., and thereafter almost no expulsion occurred. Data on both humoral and tissue-specific cellular immune responses collectively indicated that antibody production in chickens with multispecies ascarid infections is triggered by Th2 polarisation. Local Th2 immune responses and mucin-regulating genes are associated with the regulation of worm expulsion. In conclusion, the chicken host is able to eliminate the vast majority of both A. galli and H. gallinarum in three distinct phases. Worm expulsion was strongly associated with the developmental stages of the worms, where the elimination of juvenile stages was specifically targeted. A very small percentage of worms was nevertheless able to survive, reach maturity and induce reinfection if given sufficient time to complete their life cycle. Both humoral and local immune responses were associated with worm expulsion. |
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| Keywords: | Ascarids Avian host Immunoglobulin Y Modelling expulsion Multispecies infections Th2 immunity |
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