工业微生物在渗透胁迫下的应激反应及保护措施

发酵工业作为生物技术产业的重要组成部分，在我国工业结构中占据了极大比重，而在工业发酵后期菌体代谢物、中和剂以及补料物的累积使微生物受到极大的渗透胁迫，严重影响了细胞生长及目标产物代谢，致使发酵产量与效率偏低。本文主要针对高渗胁迫下微生物的细胞结构、应答途径、基因、蛋白、代谢、分裂机制进行综述与分析，并以微生物菌种特性结合工业发酵技术为改良思路，从菌种改良、外源添加保护剂、改良中和剂、去除渗透抑制因子、膜过滤技术等方面找寻潜在渗透保护措施，以期为发酵行业生产力水平的提升、节能减排降耗提供参考。

Response of industrial microorganisms to osmotic stress and countermeasures

Fermentation industry, as an important part of biotechnology industry, covers a large proportion in industry in China. However, microorganisms face serious osmotic stress at the late fermentation stage as a result of the accumulation of microbial metabolites, neutralizers, and supplements, which seriously affects the growth of cells and the production of target product and thus results in low fermentation efficiency and low yield of target product. This paper aims to summarize and analyze cell structure, response pathways, genes, proteins, metabolism, and division of microorganisms in the presence of hyperosmotic stress, and to sum up potential measures against osmotic stress based on the characteristics of microorganisms and the current available techniques: strain improvement, addition of protective agent, improvement of neutralizers, removal of osmotic inhibitory factors, and membrane filtration technology. In summary, this study is expected to serve as a reference for raising the production in fermentation industry, saving energy, and reducing waste emission and cost.