Premature refutation of a human-mediated marine species introduction: the case history of the marine snail <Emphasis Type="Italic">Littorina littorea</Emphasis> in the northwestern Atlantic |
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Authors: | John W Chapman James T Carlton M Renee Bellinger April M H Blakeslee |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR 97365-5296, USA;(2) Maritime Studies Program, Williams College—Mystic Seaport, 75 Greenmanville Ave., P.O. Box 6000, Mystic, CT 06355, USA;(3) Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA |
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Abstract: | The European periwinkle snail, Littorina littorea was discovered in Pictou, NS, Canada in 1840. This snail’s subsequent rapid, conspicuous spread south from Pictou along the
Canadian maritime coast and then along the New England and mid-Atlantic coast to New Jersey, its virtual absence in pre-European
contact deposits, and its close association with human mechanisms of transport from Europe are among the clearest evidence
for a human-mediated introduction. However, molecular genetic data have been proposed as evidence that L. littorea’s occurrence in North America was not the result of a human introduction by Wares et al. (Ecol Lett 5:577–584, 2002). Reexamination
of these genetic data and reexamination of all other data available reveal that a human-mediated introduction of L. littorea is the simplest explanation of its occurrence in North America. The refutation of the human-mediated introduction of L. littorea was premature. |
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Keywords: | Littorina littorea Invasion criteria Genetics Introduced species Invasive species Biological invasions |
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