3D-QSAR, homology modeling, and molecular docking studies on spiropiperidines analogues as agonists of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor

The nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOP) has been implicated in a wide range of biological functions, including pain, anxiety, depression and drug abuse. Especially, its agonists have a great potential to be developed into anxiolytics. However, the crystal structure of NOP is still not available. In the present work, both structure-based and ligand-based modeling methods have been used to achieve a comprehensive understanding on 67N-substituted spiropiperidine analogues as NOP agonists. The comparative molecular-field analysis method was performed to formulate a reasonable 3D-QSAR model (cross-validated coefficient q(2)=0.819 and conventional r(2)=0.950), whose robustness and predictability were further verified by leave-eight-out, Y-randomization, and external test-set validations. The excellent performance of CoMFA to the affinity differences among these compounds was attributed to the contributions of electrostatic/hydrogen-bonding and steric/hydrophobic interactions, which was supported by the Surflex-Dock and CDOCKER molecular-docking simulations based on the 3D model of NOP built by the homology modeling method. The CoMFA contour maps and the molecular docking simulations were integrated to propose a binding mode for the spiropiperidine analogues at the binding site of NOP.