141New Entities in the Order Chaetopeltidales

The effects of tidal elevation, emersion, sun exposure, and season on several antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase), pigments (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, chlorophyll a and total carotene) and photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in Porphyra umbilicalis were evaluated. Plants were collected monthly from sun-exposed and shaded locations in the high, mid, and low intertidal following periods of tidal emersion ranging from 0–6 hours. Glutathione reductase activity was greatly affected by emersion during summer months, while ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities showed no seasonal patterns. Differences in glutathione reductase and catalase levels occurred between sun-exposed and shaded plants in the high and mid intertidal during summer. At all elevations, photosynthetic pigments showed a strong seasonal trend, with the effect of sun exposure being most apparent during summer. While total carotene increased with emersion during summer months, the combined effects of emersion and season were inconsistent for phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and chl a. Photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) decreased following emersion in summer and fall. During most months, sun exposed plants had lower Fv/Fm values compared to plants growing in the shade. This study emphasizes the importance of examining the effects of abiotic stresses simultaneously in order to reveal interactive relationships.