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Whole body extract of Mediterranean fruit fly males elicits high attraction in virgin females
Authors:Vassilis G Mavraganis  Constandinos Liaropoulos  Nikos T Papadopoulos  Nikos A Kouloussis  & Theodoros Broumas
Institution:National Agricultural Research Foundation, Vine Institute, Insectary, Lykovrysi 141-23, S. Venizelou 1, Athens, Greece,;Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou St. 384 36 N. Ionia (Volos) Greece,;Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece, and;Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 8 Delta str. 14561, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
Abstract:The search for effective female attractants emanating from the host or body of fruit flies has been an area of intensive research for over three decades. In the present study, bodies of male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), were extracted with diethyl ether or methanol and subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Analysis revealed substantial qualitative and quantitative differences between males from a laboratory culture and wild males captured alive in an orchard. Most notably, the hydrocarbon sesquiterpene (±)‐α‐copaene, which is known to be involved in the sexual behaviour of the species, was found in substantial amounts in wild males, but was not detected in laboratory males. In laboratory tests, 15 laboratory or wild male equivalents of diethyl ether extracts or combined diethyl ether and methanol extracts, or, to a lesser extent, methanol extracts alone, were found to attract virgin females. In a citrus orchard, traps baited with combined diethyl ether and methanol extracts of wild males attracted significantly more virgin females than traps baited with various doses of pyranone or blends of other compounds identified in the extracts or reported in the literature, such as ethyl acetate, ethyl‐(E)‐3‐octenoate, and 1‐pyrroline. Traps baited with blends of compounds, however, displayed substantial attractiveness compared to control (non‐baited) traps. These results are important for better understanding the mating system of C. capitata as well as for further improving existing monitoring and control systems.
Keywords:Ceratitis capitata              reproductive behaviour  male extract  Diptera  Tephritidae  laboratory rearing  biocontrol
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