Calcium-dependent signaling pathway in the heat-induced oxidative injury in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amaranthus lividus</Emphasis>

Heat caused reduction in membrane protein thiol content, increased accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and reduced germination rate and early growth in germinating Amaranthus lividus seeds. Imposition of heat stress during early germination also causes accumulation of reactive oxygen species like superoxide and hydrogen peroxide while activities of antioxidative enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase decreased. Calcium chelator (EGTA), calcium channel blocker (LaCl₃) and calmodulin inhibitor (trifluroperazine) aggravated these effects. Added calcium reversed the effect of heat, implying that protection against heat induced oxidative damage and improvement of germination requires calcium and calmodulin during the recovery phase of post-germination events in Amaranthus lividus.