An evolutionary model of female dominance relations in primates

Though a few authors have provided individual selection explanations for the existence of dominance hierarchies, no unitary functional model exists which is capable of accounting for specific forms of dominance hierarchies. The framework of a model of female dominance relations in primates is developed and should be applicable to other species exhibiting overlapping generations, iteroparity, low female dispersal, and high parental investment. This model is based on the principles of individual selection, kin selection, reproductive value, and evolutionarily stable strategies. Three functional hypothesis are presented concerning female dominance relations. These hypotheses are tested using life table data for Macaca mulatta. Sister-sister, mother-daughter, and other rank relations are analyzed in detail taking into account self interest, conflicts of interest, and the interest of supporters in rank relations. One of the hypothesis satisfactorily accounts for the principal elements of the female dominance hierarchy in Macaca mulatta.