Inhibition of xanthine oxidase reduces oxidative stress and improves skeletal muscle function in response to electrically stimulated isometric contractions in aged mice |
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Authors: | Ryan Michael J Jackson Janna R Hao Yanlei Leonard Stephen S Alway Stephen E |
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Affiliation: | a Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USAb Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USAc Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USAd Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA |
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Abstract: | Oxidative stress is a putative factor responsible for reducing function and increasing apoptotic signaling in skeletal muscle with aging. This study examined the contribution and functional significance of the xanthine oxidase enzyme as a potential source of oxidant production in aged skeletal muscle during repetitive in situ electrically stimulated isometric contractions. Xanthine oxidase activity was inhibited in young adult and aged mice via a subcutaneously placed time-release (2.5 mg/day) allopurinol pellet, 7 days before the start of in situ electrically stimulated isometric contractions. Gastrocnemius muscles were electrically activated with 20 maximal contractions for 3 consecutive days. Xanthine oxidase activity was 65% greater in the gastrocnemius muscle of aged mice compared to young mice. Xanthine oxidase activity also increased after in situ electrically stimulated isometric contractions in muscles from both young (33%) and aged (28%) mice, relative to contralateral noncontracted muscles. Allopurinol attenuated the exercise-induced increase in oxidative stress, but it did not affect the elevated basal level of oxidative stress that was associated with aging. In addition, inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity decreased caspase-3 activity, but it had no effect on other markers of mitochondrial-associated apoptosis. Our results show that compared to control conditions, suppression of xanthine oxidase activity by allopurinol reduced xanthine oxidase activity, H2O2 levels, lipid peroxidation, and caspase-3 activity; prevented the in situ electrically stimulated isometric contraction-induced loss of glutathione; prevented the increase in catalase and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activities; and increased maximal isometric force in the plantar flexor muscles of aged mice after repetitive electrically evoked contractions. |
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Keywords: | AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor Apaf-1, apoptosis peptidase-activating factor 1 Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein Bcl-2, B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 CuZnSOD, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase GPx, glutathione peroxidase GSH, reduced glutathione GSSG, oxidized glutathione HAE, 4-hydroxyalkenal MDA, malondialdehyde MnSOD, mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase NF-κB, nuclear factor κB NFM, nonfat milk protein RFU, relative fluorescence units TBS-T, Tris-buffered saline with 0.05% Tween 20 |
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